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...In order to get the estimates per hectare one needs to expand the per-plot observation. This is done with a plot expansion factor. It is important to consider tha ... the target variable. That means that the entire cluster plot produces one observation of, for example, [[basal area]], and not each sub-plot! This is a frequentl

...rees at the stand boundary are recorded twice and count twice for the plot observation.

.... As the subplots are not selected independently, a cluster gives only one observation. :[[Observation]]s are independently selected if for each observation a new (=independent) randomization was done (the selection of one sample do

...ation when a sampling element is selected but does eventually not yield an observation is called “non-response”. Only if the cause of the missing observation is truly random, we might still assume that we are able to produce valid es

One may interpret this estimator also such that each observation <math>y_k</math> is expanded with the plot-specific expansion factor

...sh to make an extrapolation of the per-plot observation to the per hectare observation, then '''all''' related areas must refer to the same reference system, and ...or like in [[line sampling]] are used as [[Sampling design and plot design|observation unit]]), like length of roads; length of water (creeks); and length of [[Fo

... here because it has also relevance for the design of the forest inventory observation units. First we state that we would like to design observation plots such that the within-plot variability is as high as possible. That me

...each observation in point 2 in time, we can exactly assign a corresponding observation from point 1 in time (that is: the observations from the same plot). In tha

...observation <math>y=1</math> to the <math>n_f</math> forest points and the observation <math>y=0</math> to the <math>n_n</math> non-forest points. ...e intercept sampling, or (2) only the end points are observed, so that the observation unit is actually a cluster of two points at a defined distance away from ea

...l forests (see also the following chapter); it is interesting to note that observation errors such as lack of identification, or even more difficult: wrongly iden

...l resources assessments. While this appears to be a good idea, because the observation of additional variables in the field carries a relatively modest marginal c

* On permanent observation plots, where all trees are measured in regular intervals, it is important t

...e Earth. Therefore, many of the satellite systems currently used for earth observation (e.g. Landsat, Sentinel, Planet) operate in a sun-synchronous orbit as show

...project establishes a sample-based system of long term [[Fixed area plots|observation plots]] (inventory) over a landscape that includes ecological core plots

Install the QGIS Plugin Earth Observation (EO) Time Series Viewer. This plugin is still experimental and might crash

...imple example would be the estimation of forest cover by the GSG points as observation units (see [[Estimating forest area]]). ... the [[inclusion probability]] of remaining forest patches is to adapt the observation design. Sometimes also techniques like [[adaptive cluster sampling]] are ap

...a, nested fixed area plots, and plots of variable size. For other types of observation units see, e.g. Gregoire &amp; Valentine (2008)<ref name=Gregoire08>Gregoir

# Prepare a RINEX observation file by recording the GPS time and duration of the flight and select the ap # Download the RINEX Zip file, extract it and insert the path to the observation file (*.o) to the Emotion3 software