Biomass functions and carbon estimation
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[[Forest Definition|Forests]] play a significant role in the climate system. They are important [[carbon sinks]] and sources and the assessment of their carbon budgets has received much attention in recent years | [[Forest Definition|Forests]] play a significant role in the climate system. They are important [[carbon sinks]] and sources and the assessment of their carbon budgets has received much attention in recent years | ||
(Apps and Price, 1996; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC IPCC] 2000, 2001). Losses or gains of carbon may be due to [[deforestation]] or [[afforestation]] and these activities are explicitly included into Article 3.3 of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol Kyoto Protocol] as “accountable activities” in the national commitments to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions (UNFCCC, 1997). In contrast, “additional human-induced activities” related to [[forest management]] of existing forests in Article 3.4 of the Kyoto Protocol are less obvious with respect to their impact on the global carbon budget (Mund and Schulze, 2006). All Parties to the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change UNFCCC]] must report periodically on forest carbon stock changes in their National Communications. There is also rising interest in establishing potentials for biomass from forests as a source of sustainable energy. Forest carbon emissions and sequestration are also relevant in establishment and management of forest plantations, silviculture, logging, forest management, deforestation, forest degradation, and desertification. | (Apps and Price, 1996; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC IPCC] 2000, 2001). Losses or gains of carbon may be due to [[deforestation]] or [[afforestation]] and these activities are explicitly included into Article 3.3 of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol Kyoto Protocol] as “accountable activities” in the national commitments to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions (UNFCCC, 1997). In contrast, “additional human-induced activities” related to [[forest management]] of existing forests in Article 3.4 of the Kyoto Protocol are less obvious with respect to their impact on the global carbon budget (Mund and Schulze, 2006). All Parties to the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change UNFCCC]] must report periodically on forest carbon stock changes in their National Communications. There is also rising interest in establishing potentials for biomass from forests as a source of sustainable energy. Forest carbon emissions and sequestration are also relevant in establishment and management of forest plantations, silviculture, logging, forest management, deforestation, forest degradation, and desertification. | ||
| − | ==Constructing biomass functions== | + | |
| + | ===Constructing biomass functions=== | ||
For the construction of biomass functions, a data set with observed biomass and [[Diameter at breast height|''dbh'']] is required, for example. However, individual tree biomass is a variable that cannot be directly observed so that also the observation of individual tree biomass is usually sample based. Destructive sampling of the different biomass compartments of an individual tree is the standard approach, where normally the main compartments leaf/needles, branches, stem and roots are treated separately for practical reasons as well as for differences in the wood density between these different functional parts. | For the construction of biomass functions, a data set with observed biomass and [[Diameter at breast height|''dbh'']] is required, for example. However, individual tree biomass is a variable that cannot be directly observed so that also the observation of individual tree biomass is usually sample based. Destructive sampling of the different biomass compartments of an individual tree is the standard approach, where normally the main compartments leaf/needles, branches, stem and roots are treated separately for practical reasons as well as for differences in the wood density between these different functional parts. | ||
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Because the relative shares of different [[tree compartments]] are changing over the tree age, BEFs are not stable over a trees lifetime. New approaches therefore try to derive age-depending BEFs. Even if criticised concerning their uncertainty and inflexibility BEFs represents the only feasible pathway to carbon assessment for many developing countries, where forest inventories and reliable, recent data on growing stock volumes and increment are rudimentary or missing. | Because the relative shares of different [[tree compartments]] are changing over the tree age, BEFs are not stable over a trees lifetime. New approaches therefore try to derive age-depending BEFs. Even if criticised concerning their uncertainty and inflexibility BEFs represents the only feasible pathway to carbon assessment for many developing countries, where forest inventories and reliable, recent data on growing stock volumes and increment are rudimentary or missing. | ||
| + | |||
| + | {|border="1" cellspacing="0" | ||
| + | |colspan="2"|'''Table 1 Series of three conversion factors whose combination allows converting<br>stem volume to total biomass C-content (from Karjalainen and Kellomäki 1996<ref name="karjalainen_kellomäki1996"> | ||
| + | Karjalainen T and S Kellomäki. 1996. Greenhouse gas inventory for land use changes and forestry in Finland based on international guidelines. Mitigation Adapt. Strategies Global Clim. 1:51-71</ref>).''' | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |colspan="2" align="center"|<math>cf=ef*x*dw*x*cc\,</math> | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |<math>cf\,</math> | ||
| + | |Conversion factor from stem volume to total biomass C-content | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |<math>ef\,</math> | ||
| + | |Expansion factor from stem volume to total tree biomass | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |<math>dw\,</math> | ||
| + | |Conversion factor to dry matter | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |<math>cc\,</math> | ||
| + | |C-content | ||
| + | |} | ||
| + | |||
Revision as of 23:25, 1 March 2011
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This section is still under construction! This article was last modified on 03/1/2011. If you have comments please use the Discussion page or contribute to the article! |
Contents |
General observations
The stem volume is obviously closely related to stem biomass and also to tree biomass. And the same holds for carbon content. Therefore, the basic principles of volume functions do also hold for biomass functions and for carbon functions. Forests play a significant role in the climate system. They are important carbon sinks and sources and the assessment of their carbon budgets has received much attention in recent years (Apps and Price, 1996; IPCC 2000, 2001). Losses or gains of carbon may be due to deforestation or afforestation and these activities are explicitly included into Article 3.3 of the Kyoto Protocol as “accountable activities” in the national commitments to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions (UNFCCC, 1997). In contrast, “additional human-induced activities” related to forest management of existing forests in Article 3.4 of the Kyoto Protocol are less obvious with respect to their impact on the global carbon budget (Mund and Schulze, 2006). All Parties to the UNFCCC] must report periodically on forest carbon stock changes in their National Communications. There is also rising interest in establishing potentials for biomass from forests as a source of sustainable energy. Forest carbon emissions and sequestration are also relevant in establishment and management of forest plantations, silviculture, logging, forest management, deforestation, forest degradation, and desertification.
Constructing biomass functions
For the construction of biomass functions, a data set with observed biomass and dbh is required, for example. However, individual tree biomass is a variable that cannot be directly observed so that also the observation of individual tree biomass is usually sample based. Destructive sampling of the different biomass compartments of an individual tree is the standard approach, where normally the main compartments leaf/needles, branches, stem and roots are treated separately for practical reasons as well as for differences in the wood density between these different functional parts. While the whole compartment is weighted for its fresh mass in the field, only samples from each compartment is taken to lab for oven drying (at about ~105°C until weight is stable). The relation between fresh and dry mass is then used as expansion factor for the whole compartment.
The dry weights of compartments can be correlated separately or summed up to the overall aboveground biomass. In cases that also the root system was sampled, the belowground part can be incorporated to calculate the total biomass. In the context of carbon budgeting on large scale or national level, the approved methodologies of the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) for the calculation of greenhouse gas balances further propose so called Biomass Expansion Factors (BEFs) for biomass quantification. BEFs are derived as relationship between stem volume and (aboveground) biomass as:
\[BEF_i=\frac{W_i}{V_{stem}}\,\],
where:
\(W_i\,\) = dry weight (Kg) \(V\,\) = Volume (m³) \(i\,\) = total tree or compartment.
BEFs are simple “biomass functions”.
Because the relative shares of different tree compartments are changing over the tree age, BEFs are not stable over a trees lifetime. New approaches therefore try to derive age-depending BEFs. Even if criticised concerning their uncertainty and inflexibility BEFs represents the only feasible pathway to carbon assessment for many developing countries, where forest inventories and reliable, recent data on growing stock volumes and increment are rudimentary or missing.
| Table 1 Series of three conversion factors whose combination allows converting stem volume to total biomass C-content (from Karjalainen and Kellomäki 1996[1]). | |
| \(cf=ef*x*dw*x*cc\,\) | |
| \(cf\,\) | Conversion factor from stem volume to total biomass C-content |
| \(ef\,\) | Expansion factor from stem volume to total tree biomass |
| \(dw\,\) | Conversion factor to dry matter |
| \(cc\,\) | C-content |
References
- ↑ Karjalainen T and S Kellomäki. 1996. Greenhouse gas inventory for land use changes and forestry in Finland based on international guidelines. Mitigation Adapt. Strategies Global Clim. 1:51-71
